皮膚科常用藥物:懷孕藥品風險分類等級--孕婦用藥安全須知
皮膚科 王修含 醫師
有相當多的藥物,在懷孕時使用,有可能影響胎兒的成長與安全,因此孕婦使用藥物時必須非常注意,例如口服維他命A酸,會造成胎兒的畸形,所以使用時必須避孕;又如用於治療雄性禿的口服藥菲那雄胺(finasteride),也會造成畸胎,但有些人會將此藥物切割使用,此時須注意不可讓孕婦接觸此藥物的粉末。
有相當多的藥物,在懷孕時使用,有可能影響胎兒的成長與安全,因此孕婦使用藥物時必須非常注意,例如口服維他命A酸,會造成胎兒的畸形,所以使用時必須避孕;又如用於治療雄性禿的口服藥菲那雄胺(finasteride),也會造成畸胎,但有些人會將此藥物切割使用,此時須注意不可讓孕婦接觸此藥物的粉末。
懷孕藥品風險分類等級
美國FDA基於懷孕用藥的安全性,自1979年起將懷孕藥品分為下列五級(詳細定義附於文後),稱為「懷孕分級」(Pregnancy categories),目前台灣在開立孕婦使用的藥物時,亦多參考此分類:
A級藥品:安全
B級藥品:可能安全
C級藥品:避免使用(對胎兒的影響尚不清楚),除非治療上的好處大於風險
D級藥品:避免使用(已證實對胎兒有危險),除非治療上的利益大於風險
X級藥品:致畸胎性(Teratogenicity)
懷孕藥品風險分類等級是很嚴謹的,在妥善設計的研究下,
在動物實驗找不到對胎兒有害的證據,或是對懷孕婦女的對照研究中,無法證明對於胎兒的危險性,才評定為B級藥物,例如常用來治療粉刺、痤瘡(青春痘),並可淡化色素的杜鵑花酸。
被評定為C級的藥物,例如大部份的外用類固醇藥物,只是
如果評定為D級藥物,例如消毒用的優碘,表示確實有證據支持對胎兒的危險性,但治療的利益可能大於潛在的危險性,所以還是可以選擇性
(註:其實對於孕婦的皮膚消毒,筆者會選擇使用chlorhex
若被評定為X級藥物,例如口服A酸,表示此藥會造成胚胎異常(畸胎),藥物導致的傷害遠大於它的效益,因此禁用於已經或可能懷孕的婦女。
新式作法:懷孕與哺乳期標示規則(Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule, PLLR)
由於「懷孕分級」系統的ABCDX分類系統過於簡化,對藥物的風險評定過於簡單,且可能造成混淆,無法有效且完整涵括妊娠、生產、授乳各時期的藥物風險變化,且無法指出對於女性與男性生殖系統潛在的風險,因此美國FDA決定揚棄舊式的「懷孕分級」系統,制定出新式的「懷孕與哺乳期標示規則」(Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule, PLLR),此系統於2015年6月30日正式生效。新式標示法,請參見「懷孕與哺乳期標示規則 (Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule, PLLR)」 http://www.skin168.net/2016/02/PLLR-pregnancy-drug.html
雖然美國FDA以「懷孕與哺乳期標示規則」 (PLLR)取代「懷孕分級」(Pregnancy categories),改用詳細的文字資訊取代簡略的字母代號,但已實行數十年的
「懷孕分級」系統,仍有其參考價值,故亦收錄於後,可供快速查詢之用。
各級皮膚科常用藥物列表:
皮膚科常用藥物甚多,在此以台大醫院皮膚科常用藥物為例,說明各種皮膚科用藥的懷孕用藥分類等級:
(藥物資料來源:台大醫院藥劑部提供)
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學名
|
懷孕分級
|
藥品中文名稱
|
商品名
|
Acitretin
|
X
|
新定康癬膠囊10公絲
|
Neotigason Capsule 10 mg/cap
|
Acitretin
|
X
|
新定康癬膠囊25公絲
|
Neotigason Capsule 25 mg/cap
|
Acyclovir
|
B
|
熱威樂素乳膏劑
|
Zovirax Cream 5% 2 g/tube
|
Adapalene
|
C
|
痘膚潤凝膠
|
Differin Gel 0.1%, 15 g/tube
|
Aluminum Hydroxychloride and Cetrimide
|
無資料
|
治汗樂乳膏
|
Joyla Cream 15 g/tube
|
Amorolfine HCl
|
B3(澳洲分類,相當於美國的B級)
|
樂指利抗甲癬油劑
|
Loceryl Nail Lacquer 5% 3 mL/btl
|
Azelaic Acid
|
B
|
思麗安乳膏
|
Skinoren Cream Micronized azelaic acid 20% in a cream vehicle, 30 g/tube
|
Benzoyl Peroxide
|
C
|
泛娜五號凝膠
|
PanOxyl 5 Acne Gel 5%, 6 g/tube (停產)
|
Benzoyl Peroxide
|
C
|
雅若凝膠
|
Aczo Gel 50 mg/g 10 g/tube
|
Benzyl Benzoate Lotion
|
無資料
|
利蝨洗液
|
B B Lotion 25% v/v, 100 mL/btl
|
Betamethasone Dipropionate
|
C
|
舒膚通膠液(貝他每松二丙酸鹽)
|
Septon Sol 0.064%, 10 g/btl
|
Betamethasone Dipropionate
|
C
|
舒膚通乳膏
|
Septon Cream 0.064% 5 g/tube (停產)
|
Betamethasone Valerate
|
C
|
臨得隆-V藥霜0.06%
|
Rinderon-V Cream 0.06% 5 g/tube
|
Boric Acid
|
無資料
|
B.A. Solution 2%, 2 L/btl
| |
C.B. Strong Ointment
|
無資料
|
強力施美藥膏
|
C.B. Strong Ointment 5 g/tube
|
Cadexomer Iodine
|
無資料
|
愛得寶外用撒希散
|
Iodosorb Powder 0.9% Iodine (w/w), 3 g/pack
|
Calamine Lotion with Menthol and Phenol
|
無資料
|
美膚可樂洗劑
|
Menphencala Lotion 100 mL/btl
|
Calcipotriene
|
C
|
得膚寧軟膏
|
Daivonex Ointment 0.005%, 30 g/tube
|
Calcipotriene
|
C
|
得膚寧頭皮液劑
|
Daivonex Scalp Solution 0.005% 30 mL/btl (DC)
|
Calcipotriol hydrate & Betamethasone dipropionate
|
C
|
得膚寶軟膏劑
|
Daivobet ointment 30 g/tube (calcipotriol hydrate 50 mcg/g & betamethasone dipropionate 0.5 mg/g )
|
Calcipotriol Hydrate, Betamethasone Dipropionate
|
無資料
|
絲玫歐凝膠
|
Xamiol Gel 30 g/btl
|
Calcitriol
|
C
|
施革欣軟膏
|
Silkis Ointment 3 mcg/g, 30 g/tube
|
Chloramphenicol Ointment
|
C
|
速癒軟膏
|
C.P. Ointment 10 mg/g, 5 g/tube
|
Chlorhexidine Gluconate
|
B
|
@ 克羅淨 濃液劑 5%
|
@ Kilgerm Concentrate 5% 5 L/btl
|
Chlorhexidine Gluconate
|
B
|
希必定濃液劑
|
@ Hibitane Concentrate Solution 5% 5 L/btl
|
Chlorhexidine Gluconate
|
B
|
希必潔外用液
|
Hibiscrub 4% with Detergent 5 L/btl
|
Chlorhexidine Gluconate
|
無資料
|
克菌寧殺菌液2%
|
@ Easy Antiseptic Liquid 2% (20 mg/mL) 200 mL/btl
|
Chlorhexidine gluconate 1% & Ethyl alcohol 61% (w/w)
|
無資料
|
@ 3M 快速乾式刷手液
|
@ 3M Avagard 500 mL/btl, Chlorhexidine gluconate 1% & Ethyl alcohol 61% w/w
|
Clindamycin Phosphate
|
B
|
麗歐迅外用液
|
Cleocin T Topical Solution 1% 30 mL/btl
|
Clobetasol Propionate
|
C
|
戴摩膚乳膏0.05%
|
Dermovate Ointment 0.05% 25 g/tube
|
Coal Tar
|
C
|
保麗娜液
|
Polytar Liquid 150 mL/btl
|
Coal Tar and Salicylic Acid Ointment
|
C
|
希體舒軟膏
|
Coal Tar and Salicylic Acid Ointment
|
Crotamiton and Hydrocortisone
|
無資料
|
悠力素乳膏
|
Ulex Cream 10 g/tube
|
Cyclosporine
|
C
|
新體睦靜脈輸注濃縮液
|
Sandimmun Concentrate for IF 50 mg/1 mL/amp
|
Cyclosporine
|
C
|
新體睦軟膠囊100公絲
|
Sandimmun Neoral Capsule 100 mg/cap
|
Cyclosporine
|
C
|
新體睦軟膠囊 25公絲
|
Sandimmun Neoral Capsule 25 mg/cap
|
Cyclosporine
|
C
|
新體睦口服溶液
|
Sandimmun Neoral Oral Solution 100 mg/mL, 50 mL/btl
|
Desoximetasone
|
C
|
拭皮爽軟膏0.25%
|
Esperson Ointment 0.25% 5 g/tube
|
Dimethyl Sulfoxide
|
C
|
二甲亞碸(二甲基亞碸 )
|
@ Dimethyl Sulfoxide (meets USP testing specifications) 500 mL/btl (DMSO)
|
Dimethyl Sulfoxide
|
C
|
二甲亞碸(二甲基亞碸 )
|
@ Dimethyl Sulfoxide (meets USP testing specifications) 25 mL/btl (DMSO)
|
Doxepin HCl
|
B
|
普膚乳膏
|
Ichderm Cream 5% 15 g/tube
|
Finasteride
|
X
|
柔沛膜衣錠
|
Propecia F.C. Tablet 1 mg/tab
|
Fluocinolone acetonide, Hydroquinone, Tretinoin
|
C
|
汰膚斑乳膏
|
Tri-Luma Cream 15 g/tube (Fluocinolone acetonide 0.01%, Hydroquinone 4%, Tretinoin 0.05% )
|
Fluocinonide
|
C
|
妥膚淨洗劑(氟欣諾能)
|
Topsym Lotion 0.05% 10 g/btl
|
Fluocinonide
|
C
|
妥膚淨親水軟膏(氟欣諾能)
|
Topsym Cream 0.05% 10g/tube
|
Fluorouracil
|
X
|
宜膚滌(DC)
|
Efudix Cream 5% 20 g/tube(DC)
|
Fluticasone Propionate
|
C
|
克廷膚乳膏0.05%
|
Cutivate Cream 0.05% 5 g/tube
|
Fusidic Acid
|
C
|
膚即淨乳膏
|
Fucidin Cream 2% 5 g/tube
|
Gentian Violet
|
C
|
紫藥水
|
G.V. Solution 0.1% in 10% alcohol 100 mL/btl
|
Gentian Violet
|
C
|
紫藥水
|
G.V. Solution 1% 10 mL/vial
|
Gentian Violet
|
C
|
紫藥水
|
@ G.V. Solution 0.1% in 10% alcohol 10 mL/btl
|
Hydrocortisone Acetate
|
C
|
皮質醇軟膏1%
|
Cort. S. Ointment 1% 50 g/box
|
Hydroquinone
|
C
|
嘉芙康軟膏
|
Shines Cream 4% 10 g/tube
|
Imiquimod
|
B
|
樂得美乳膏
|
Aldara Cream 5% 250 mg/packet
|
Iodoform
|
D
|
愛得寶外用撒布散
|
Iodoform
|
Isopropyl Alcohol
|
無資料
|
So Easy liquid 0.75%
| |
Isotretinoin
|
X
|
羅可坦軟膠囊
|
Roaccutane Capsule 10 mg/cap
|
Isotretinoin
|
X
|
(兒癌基金會) 羅可坦軟膠囊
|
(兒癌基金會) Roaccutane Capsule 20 mg/cap
|
Lidocaine
|
B
|
遠疼貼貼片
|
Lidopat Patch 5% 700 mg/patch
|
Lidocaine and Prilocaine
|
無資料
|
安麻樂乳膏5%
|
EMLA cream lidocaine 2.5% & prilocaine 2.5% 5 g/tube
|
Lidocaine and Prilocaine
|
無資料
|
(兒癌基金會) 安麻樂乳膏5%
|
(兒癌基金會) EMLA cream lidocaine 2.5% & prilocaine 2.5% 5 g/tube
|
Menthol and Camphor in Skin Lotion
|
無資料
|
(自費) 睦康膚洗劑
|
(Cash) M.C. Skin Lotion 60 mL/btl
|
Menthol and Camphor in Skin Lotion
|
無資料
|
睦康膚洗劑
|
M.C. Skin Lotion 60 mL/btl
|
Methoxsalen
|
C
|
速立寧膜衣錠
|
Sorialen F.C. Tablet 10 mg/tab
|
Methoxsalen
|
C
|
優可舒軟膠囊10公絲
|
Oxsoralen-ultra Capsule 10 mg/cap
|
Metronidazole
|
B
|
柔潔凝膠
|
Metrogel 0.75% 15 g/tube
|
Minoxidil
|
C
|
昇髮密碼養髮液2%
|
Minoxidil Solution 2% 60 mL/btl
|
Mupirocin
|
B
|
百多邦黴素軟膏
|
Bactroban Ointment, Mupirocin 2% in a polyethylene glycol base, 15 g/tube
|
Neomycin and Trypsin
|
無資料
|
速備粉
|
Shielin Powder 10 g/btl
|
Pimecrolimus
|
C
|
醫立妥乳膏
|
Elidel 1% Cream, 10 g/tube
|
Polytar Emollient
|
C
|
普麗液
|
Polytar Emollient 350 mL/btl
|
Polytar Emollient
|
C
|
普麗液 (DC)
|
Polytar Emollient 50 mL/btl (DC)
|
Povidone Iodine
|
D
|
優碘藥水(普威隆碘)
|
Better-Iodine Aqueous Solution 10% 100 mL/btl
|
Povidone Iodine
|
D
|
必達淨軟膏
|
Betadine Ointment 10% 20g/tube
|
Povidone Iodine
|
D
|
優碘軟膏(普威隆碘)
|
Better Iodine Ointment 10% 10g/tube
|
Povidone Iodine
|
D
|
普淨殺菌消毒液100公絲/公撮
|
Povidone Iodine Alcoholic Solution 10% 100 mL/btl
|
Povidone Iodine
|
D
|
普淨殺菌消毒液
|
Povidone Iodine Alcoholic Solution 10% 500 mL/btl
|
Povidone Iodine
|
D
|
金碘藥水(普威隆碘)
|
Sindine Solution 10% 500 mL/btl
|
Povidone Iodine
|
D
|
外科用優碘擦洗液(普威隆碘)
|
Betadine Iodine 7.5% 1 Gall
|
Povidone Iodine
|
D
|
優碘藥水(普威隆碘)
|
Better-Iodine Aqueous Solution 10% 500 mL/btl
|
Povidone Iodine
|
D
|
必達淨軟膏
|
Betadine Ointment 10% 250 g/btl
|
Povidone Iodine
|
D
|
Betadine Ointment 10% 450 g
| |
Povidone Iodine
|
D
|
百潔碘藥水
|
Biodyne Aqueous Solution10% 500 mL/btl
|
Povidone Iodine
|
無資料
|
金碘藥水(普威隆碘)
|
Sindine Solution 10% 200 mL/btl
|
Povidone Iodine
|
無資料
|
未知
|
未知(Biodyne Aqueous Solution), 200 mL/btl
|
Povidone Iodine Alcoholic Solution
|
無資料
|
金碘酒精液(普威隆碘)
|
Sindine Alcoholic Solution10% 200 mL/btl
|
Precipitated Sulfur
|
無資料
|
愛顏洗劑
|
Acne Lotion 4% 100 mL/btl
|
Salicylic Acid and Benzoic Acid
|
C
|
速必舒軟膏
|
Salicylic Acid and Benzoic Acid Ointment (S.B.S) 30 g/box
|
Salicylic Acid and Lactic Acid
|
C
|
治疣液
|
Duofilm Liquid salicylic acid 16.7% and lactic acid 16.7% in flexible collodion, 15 mL/btl
|
Salicylic Acid Ointment
|
C
|
速立康軟膏
|
Salic Ointment Salicylic acid 2.5% in neoselin, 10 g/tube
|
Salicylic Acid, Iodine, Potassium Iodine
|
無資料
|
碘楊酸外用液劑〝寶齡〞
|
I.S.A. Spirit 30 mL/btl (Each ml contains: KI 12 mg, IODINE: 10 mg, SALICYLIC ACID: 50 mg)
|
Sertaconazole Nitrate
|
C
|
達來乳膏
|
Zalain Cream 2% 15 g/tube
|
Silver Nitrate
|
無資料
|
硝酸銀溶液
|
AgNO3 Solution 20%
|
Silver Nitrate
|
無資料
|
硝酸銀溶液
|
@ AgNO3 Solution 20% 10 mL/btl
|
Silver Sulfadiazine
|
B
|
膚美淨軟膏
|
Flamazine Cream 1% 500 g/box
|
Silver Sulfadiazine
|
B
|
灼膚星乳膏
|
Sulfasil Cream 1% 50 g/tube
|
Sulconazole Nitrate
|
C
|
優足達親水軟膏
|
Exelderm Cream 1%, 5 g/tube
|
Tacrolimus
|
C
|
普特皮軟膏 0.1%
|
Protopic Ointment 0.1% 5 g/tube
|
Tacrolimus
|
C
|
普特皮軟膏 0.03%
|
Protopic Ointment 0.03% 5 g/tube
|
Tazarotene
|
X
|
羅膚格外用乳膏劑
|
Zorac Topical Cream 0.1% 30 g/tube
|
Tolnaftate
|
無資料
|
保濕康膠漿
|
Pasca Gel tolnaftate 2%, and methylsalicylate 2% in a gel vehicle containing carbomer, macrogol 400, ethanol, methyl ethyl ketone, triisopropanolamine and purified water, 10 g/tube
|
Tretinoin
|
C
|
特蒂樂乳膏
|
Tretinoin Cream 0.1%, 5 g/tube
|
Tretinoin
|
C
|
愛膚露霜劑
|
Airol Vanishing Cream 0.05%, 20 g/tube (停產)
|
Urea
|
C
|
杏化乳膏
|
Sinpharderm Cream 10%, 30 g/box
|
Ustekinumab
|
B
|
(無)
|
<專>免費 Stelara Injection 45 mg /0.5mL/syringe
|
Ustekinumab
|
B
|
(無)
|
<專> (自費) Stelara Injection 45 mg /0.5mL/syringe
|
Zinc Oxide
|
A
|
氧化鋅軟膏
|
Zinc Oxide Ointment 20% 28.4 g/tube
|
Zinc Undecylenate 20%, Undecylenic Acid 5%
|
無資料
|
克濕淨藥膏
|
Kesezine Ointment 20 g/tube
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級別
Category
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定義/描述
Definition/Description
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A
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針對懷孕婦女妥善設計,且有對照組的研究中,無法證明使用此藥會增高胎兒異常的危險。
Adequate, well-controlled studies in pregnant women have not shown an increased risk of fetal abnormalities.
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B
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動物試驗的結果顯示,並無對胎兒有害的證據,但缺乏針對懷孕婦女進行妥善設計且有對照組的研究。(Animal studies have revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus, however, there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women.)
或(or)
雖然動物試驗顯示對胚胎有不良作用,但針對懷孕婦女的對照研究中,無法證明對於胎兒的危險性。(Animal studies have shown an adverse effect, but adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus.)
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C
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動物試驗顯示對胚胎有不良作用,但缺乏針對人類懷孕婦女妥善設計且有對照組的研究。(Animal studies have shown an adverse effect and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women.)
或(or)
針對動物或人類懷孕婦女,目前缺乏妥善設計且有對照組的研究,可證明此藥物的危險性。(No animal studies have been conducted and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women.)
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D
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針對孕婦的控制實驗或觀察研究中,已證實此藥對胎兒有危險性。但在考量利弊得失下,此藥對於治療的利益可能大於潛在的危險性。
Studies, adequate well-controlled or observational, in pregnant women have demonstrated a risk to the fetus. However, the benefits of therapy may outweigh the potential risk.
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X
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針對動物或孕婦的控制實驗或觀察研究中,已顯示此藥會造成胚胎異常,而且禁用於已經或可能懷孕的婦女。(註:藥物導致的傷害大於可能的利益)
Studies, adequate well-controlled or observational, in animals or pregnant women have demonstrated positive evidence of fetal abnormalities. The use of the product is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnant.
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註:本表懷孕藥物分類(US FDA Pregnancy category definitions),原文引用自美國FDA網站:http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2001/301_preg.html
延伸閱讀:
懷孕藥品風險分類A級的安全藥物 http://www.skin168.net/2012/03/drugs-pregnancy-category.html
懷孕藥品風險分類B級的藥物 http://www.skin168.net/2012/03/drugs-pregnancy-category-b.html
懷孕藥品風險分類B級的藥物 http://www.skin168.net/2012/03/drugs-pregnancy-category-b.html
懷孕藥物分類(US FDA Pregnancy category definitions) http://skin168.pixnet.net/blog/post/102299041
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