可供兒童使用之抗生素amoxicillin口服懸浮液藥物資料

可供兒童使用之抗生素amoxicillin口服懸浮液藥物資料

皮膚科  王修含 醫師

安莫西林(amoxicillin)是一種「盤尼西林(penicillin)」類的抗生素,屬於安比西林(ampicillin)衍生物,所以對抗的細菌種類變與ampicillin及盤尼西林相似,但它在胃酸環境的穩定性與生體可用率(bioavailability)優於盤尼西林,抗菌種類也比盤尼西林多樣。

作用機轉:

抑制細菌細胞壁合成肽聚糖(peptidoglycan,又稱為黏肽mucopeptide),當環繞細菌外的細胞壁因無法正常生長而被破壞後,細菌細胞內的物質將流失,進而喪失在正常環境生存的能力。

治療適應症:

細菌感染:葡萄球菌、鏈球菌、肺炎雙球菌、腦膜炎球菌及其他具有感受性細菌引起之感染症,包括皮膚感染、中耳炎、鼻竇炎、咽喉炎、泌尿道感染、梅毒、淋病。

對於格蘭氏陰性菌的效果,安莫西林優於盤尼西林,這些菌種包括腦膜炎雙球菌(Neisseria meningitidis)、流感嗜血桿菌(Haemophilus influenzae,簡稱嗜血桿菌)等。

與傳統的盤尼西林相比,雖然安莫西林有其優點,但老藥未必效果差,盤尼西林對抗肺炎雙球菌(Streptococcus pneumococcus)的能力仍優於安莫西林。臨床使用上,仍需仰賴醫師的臨床經驗與心得,以得到最適合的藥物運用。

使用限制、抗藥菌種:

由於盤尼西林類的抗生素具有乙內醯胺(β-lactam)結構,如果細菌能產生乙內醯胺分解酶(β-lactamase),就能對這類抗生素產生抗藥性,導致抗生素治療無效。


抗藥性解決方案:

安莫西林與乙內醯胺分解酶抑制劑(β-lactamase inhibitor)共同使用,例如將安莫西林添加克拉維酸(clavulanic acid),即可解決此問題,這類抗生素產品廠牌眾多,包括Augmentin, Curam, Anbicyn, Soonmelt等。

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藥品詳細資料:

Amoxicillin Powder for Oral Suspension 25 mg amoxicillin/mL, 60 mL/btl
註:安莫西林(amoxicillin)抗生素的生產藥廠眾多,在此以台大醫院使用的萬博黴素懸液資料為例,並不代表此藥廠之藥品為安莫西林之最佳選擇,詳見下列表格:
資料來源:台大醫院藥劑部提供

藥品詳細資料


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附錄:
各種感染症成人使用劑量參考:
引用來源:http://reference.medscape.com/drug/amoxil-moxatag-amoxicillin-342473

Ear, Nose, & Throat Infections

Mild to moderate infections
  • 500 mg PO q12hr or 250 mg PO q8hr for 10-14 days
Severe infections
  • 875 mg PO q12hr or 500 mg PO q8hr for 10-14 days
Tonsillitis/pharyngitis
  • Moxatag: 775 mg PO qDay for 10 days, taken within 1 hour after finishing a meal
Spectrum of action
  • α- and β-hemolytic Strep, S pneumoniae, Staph spp, H influenzae

Genitourinary Tract Infections

Mild to moderate infections
  • 500 mg PO q12hr or 250 mg PO q8hr
Severe infections
  • 875 mg PO q12hr or 500 mg PO q8hr
Spectrum of action
  • E coli, P mirabilis, or E faecalis

Skin & Skin Structure Infections

Mild to moderate infections
  • 500 mg PO q12hr or 250 mg PO q8hr
Severe infections
  • 875 mg PO q12hr or 500 mg PO q8hr
Spectrum of action
  • α- and β-hemolytic Strep, Staph spp, E coli

Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

875 mg PO q12hr or 500 mg PO q8hr for 10-14 days
Spectrum of action
  • α- and β-hemolytic Strep, S pneumoniae, Staph spp, H influenzae

Helicobacter Pylori

H pylori infection and active or 1-year history of duodenal ulcer
Triple therapy
  • 1 g PO q12hr for 14 days with lansoprazole (30 mg) and clarithromycin (500 mg)
Dual therapy
  • 1 g PO q8hr for 14 days with lansoprazole (30 mg) in patients intolerant of, or resistant to, clarithromycin

Gonorrhea

Acute, uncomplicated anogenital or urethral infections
3 g PO once as a single dose
Spectrum of action
  • N gonorrhoeae

Anthrax

Postexposure inhalational prophylaxis
500 mg PO q8hr

Infective Endocarditis

Prophylaxis
2 g PO 1 hour before procedure
Dosing considerations
  • AHA guidelines recommend prophylaxis only in high-risk patients undergoing invasive procedures who have a history of cardiac conditions that predispose them to a risk of infection

Lyme Disease (Off-label)

Erythema migrans and other symptoms of early dissemination
500 mg PO q8hr for 3-4wk
50 mg/kg/day q8hr in divided doses; maximum 500 mg/dose 

Chlamydial Infection in Pregnant Women (Off-label)

First trimester: 500 mg PO q8hr for 7 days
Dosing considerations
  • First trimester: Test to document chlamydial eradication and retest for infection 3 months after treatment
  • Second or third trimester: Test to document chlamydial eradication

Administration

Take without regard to meals

Dosing Modifications

Renal impairment:
Patients with impaired renal function do not generally require dose reduction unless impairment is severe; do not administer extended-release product in patients with CrCl <30 mL/min
GFR <30 mL/min: Maximum dose, 875 mg
GFR 10-30 mL/min: 250-500 mg q12hr, depending on severity of infection
GFR <10 mL/min: 250-500 mg q24hr depending on severity of infection
Hemodialysis patients: 250-500 mg q24hr, depending on severity of infection; patients should receive additional dose during and at completion of dialysis; do not administer extended-release product